goliad massacre survivors

Victor Marion Rose, History of Victoria (Laredo, 1883; rpt., Victoria, Texas: Book Mart, 1961). The town was the site of the Battle of Goliad in October 1835 and the Goliad Massacre in March 1836. Refresh the page, check Medium 's. Santa Anna responded to this entreaty by repeatedly ordering Urrea to comply with the law and execute the prisoners. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. Those not killed by the gunshots were butchered with bayonets. Only twenty-eight escaped the firing squads, and twenty more were spared as physicians, orderlies, interpreters, or mechanics largely because of the entreaties of a "high bred beauty" whom the Texans called the "Angel of Goliad" (see ALAVEZ, FRANCITA), and the brave and kindly intervention of Col. Francisco Garay. Urrea, in compliance with his promise, wrote to Santa Anna from Guadalupe Victoria, informing him that Fannin and his men were prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government" and recommending clemency; but he reported nothing in his letter of the terms that Fannin and his men had drafted for their surrender. Coordinates: 283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. Fannin may have hoped, and even expected, that his men would be treated as prisoners of war and given clemency. [14] Fannin met to discuss terms with Colonel Juan Jos Holzinger ("Holsinger"). The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. Fannin's men wounded in the Battle of Coleto were shot or bayoneted where they lay, inside the presidio. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. The Apache tribes disliked the Mexicans so, that when the United States went to war against Mexico, the Apache promised to provide them with safe passage through their lands. He linked up with several more units of Mexican infantry, bringing the total number of Mexican troops in the area to 1,500. Instead, the Mexican commanding officer shot Fannin in the face, burned his body with the others and kept the timepiece as a war prize. Fannin's men delivered up their arms, and some 230 or 240 uninjured or slightly wounded men were marched back to Goliad and imprisoned in the chapel of Nuestra Seora de Loreto Presidio at La Baha, the fort they had previously occupied (see FORT DEFIANCE). The wounded Texans, about fifty (some estimates are much higher) including doctors and orderlies, Colonel Fannin among them, were returned to Goliad over the next two days. A two day Battle of Coleto ensued with the Texians holding their own on the first day. The Goliad Massacre, also referred to as The Goliad Execution, was the brutal shooting of Texas soldiers by Mexican forces. Please improve this article by adding a reference. The guard on the right of the column of prisoners then countermarched and formed with the guard on the left. On March 19 he began his retreat, but he and his men were surrounded and forced to surrender at the battle of Coleto. Faced with annihilation, the Texans raised a white flag and were marched back to Goliad and incarcerated in the presidio chapel at Fort Defiance along with other rebels captured in the nearby area. John Crittenden Duval, Early Times in Texas, or the Adventures of Jack Dobell (Austin: Gammel, 1892; new ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986). Hawkins, who was in her 20s at the time, escaped the violence with her siblings and moved to Pasco County . Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion. James Fannin commanded troops stationed at Fort Defiance in Goliad. In some accounts of the Goliad Massacre, a Mexican woman, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, sometimes referred to by other names (Alvarez or Alavesco), rescued about 20 Texian soldiers and became known as "The Angel of Goliad. The finely bred, West Point-trained officer lingered for days as a 1,400-man army led by Santa Annas chief lieutenant, General Jose de Urrea, closed in on Goliad. The Most Patriotic Thing You Can Do This (Or Any) 4th of July. They may have been added to the prisoners at Goliad and killed with Fannin on March 27. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). His diary, edited by Hobart Huson, was published in 1949 and is considered one of the best sources of information for the period. Instead of taking cover in the nearby woods, Fannin ordered his men to form a square on an open prairie near Coleto Creek. At around 8 a.m. on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the able bodied of 342 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road. Civil Society Lone Star Life Texas History Today in Texas History: Massacre at Goliad On March 27, 1836, over 350 Texian soldiers were murdered by Mexican firing squads near Goliad after having surrendered days earlier. In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . He described the slaughter: "Kneel down!" Goliad Massacre, The two-day Battle of Coleto ensued, with the Texians holding their own on the first day. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. The Alamo! His men thundered a reply with an addendum: Remember the Alamo! Urrea's force killed 16 men and took 24 prisoners. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. Grey goos vodka - Der Gewinner . His solution was tested after November 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico with three companies enlisted at New Orleans. Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten. After filling out an official report on the battle, Johnson, Toler, and Love left the army and went to San Felipe. The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned Fannin's body along with the other Texians who died that day. On March 14, Ward defended his position at the Refugio Mission, while King's men fought from a stand of trees. Senator Lloyd M. Bentsen. Although not as famous as the Battle of the Alamo, the execution of Fannin's troops at Goliad crystallized public opinion in the United States and contributed to a war frenzy against Mexico. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . Houston ordered Colonel James W. Fannin to evacuate his 400-man force from Goliad and retreat to Victoria, a town 30 miles to the east behind the natural defense of the Guadalupe River. Santa Anna sent General Jos Urrea marching into Texas from Matamoros, to make his way north along the coast of Texas. [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. Those who survived the initial volley were run down by the Mexican cavalry. When Mexico transitioned to a centralized government in 1835, supporters of federalism took up arms. bw. John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). The killing This made the Texans angry and led to th Battle of San Jacinto. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Few of us understood the order, and those who did would not obey. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, most were chased off and escaped, but 18 were captured and marched back to Goliad. Knowing the prisoners' probable fate, General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, and later writing to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. In 1930 some Goliad Boy Scouts found charred bone fragments that had been unearthed over the years by animals, and an excursion to the site by Goliad residents on New Year's Day, 1932, succeeded in attracting an investigation of the site by University of Texas anthropologist J. E. Pearce. [citation needed], On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. The bullets whistled round me as I swam slowly and wearily to the other side, but none wounded me. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Despite the protests for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was reluctantly carried out by Lt. By the time the colonel ordered the retreat, it was too late. Follow in their footsteps and peek into Texas' past. He was captured at Goliad; however, his life was spared so that he could treat the wounded Mexicans there and at San Antonio. Check out additional primary sources on the Texas Revolution at Texas Rising: Historians View. This article does not contain any citations or references. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation. Following a one-sided battle on the prairie near Coleto Creek, 250 mostly American prisoners were marched back to the presidio at Goliad where they were joined by more than 200 others. While the livestock ate, the rebels stomachs rumbled since they forgot to pack any food. [8] Fannin had chosen to keep his troops at Goliad mainly because it had a fort, from which he believed it would be easier to fight than out in the open. He received land certificates for his service, including a 640-acre Donation specifically for his service under Fannin at Goliad, and a 1,280-acre Bounty for the full term of his enlistment. The Mexican guards opened fire. Long, 1990, p. 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea's force. In April 1885 a memorial was finally erected, in the city of Goliad rather than on the site, by the Fannin Monument Association, formed by William L. Hunter, a massacre survivor. . [5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. Facing extremely long odds, the men chose to stay and fight. He was born in Richmond, Virginia, on March 20, 1790, the son of Richard Shackelford, and was educated as a physician and surgeon. This article does not contain any citations or references. He served with Bigfoot Wallace and Jack Hays in the Texas Rangers and was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. [1] The massacre galvanized citizens further to the cause of independence, and outraged Texians joined cries of Remember the Alamo! with Remember Goliad! as they charged across the field of battle at San Jacinto. Fannin hoped to retreat to Victoria, but he hesitated for several days. Every penny counts! Charles Adams Gulick, Jr., Harriet Smither, et al., eds., The Papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (6 vols., Austin: Texas State Library, 192027; rpt., Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Believing they were on missions to gather wood, drive cattle or even sail to safety in New Orleans, the rebels joked and swapped stories. All Rights Reserved. He sent couriers to Ward, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea's cavalry. GeoCoords: Latitude: 28.612982000000 Longitude: -97.421924000000. "The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution". It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . Goliad Map. Urrea, meanwhile, heard of their presence and marched a flying column of 300 Mexican troops to Refugio, hoping to overtake the Texians. When the Texans finally resumed their march in the afternoon, they quickly encountered the Mexican forces. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Hurry, Early Registration for the 2023 Annual Meeting in El Paso ends soon. He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". According to Duval, in February of 1836, the men at Goliad were informed by a Mexican from the Rio Grande that Santa Anna was on the Texas border with a large army. As soon as they were ordered to halt a half-mile from the fort, however, the Texans realized their fates. This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna et al., The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, trans. The Texans thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. Hermann Ehrenberg, Texas und Seine Revolution (Leipzig: Wigand, 1843; abridged trans. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, Goliad Massacre, Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02), accessed June 10, 2013. The name of Goliad was etched in Texas' collective memory, however, through a single eventthe now-disputed Goliad Massacre. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, The authenticity of the gravesite was further verified by historians Clarence R. Wharton and Harbert Davenport. 350 injured or missing, This page was last edited on 4 March 2022, at 08:20. Twenty-eight Texians managed to escape by feigning death and other means. [6], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25. Over the protests of his officers, Fannin also ordered his troops to stop for more than an hour to allow their oxen to graze. The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. Surviving Goliad the Story of John C. Duval | by Texas General Land Office | Save Texas History | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. As bad as it was, that number would have been higher were it not for, as fate would have it, the wife of a Mexican officer. [11] The Texians were less than one mile (1.6km) from the safety of the tree line of Coleto Creek. On March 18, Urrea's advance scouts were viewing Goliad. Fannin sent Captain Amon B. Meantime, on March 23, evidently doubting Urrea's willingness to serve as executioner, Santa Anna sent a direct order to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad" to execute the prisoners in his hands. Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses. With cannons stationed at each corner of the square, the Texans held firm. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. They were among at least 350 men killed in the massacre at Goliad March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the fall of the Alamo.. Santa Anna replied to Urrea's clemency letter on March 23 by ordering immediate execution of these "perfidious foreigners" and repeated the order in a letter the next day. Austin had declared that "War is our only recourse. William Lockhart Hunter [127] William Lockhart Hunter No Portrait Available William L. Hunter 1809 - 1886 Born in Virginia, June 5, 1809 Died at Austin, Tex. Some of the survivors attended the ceremony. The massacre occurred only three weeks after the Battle of the Alamo and roughly four weeks before the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. As he prepared to subdue the Texas colonists Santa Anna was chiefly concerned with the help they expected from the United States. [7] In the early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed immediately. The Mexican soldiers at La Bahia returned to the funeral pyres and gathered up any visible remains of the Texians and re-burned any evidence of the bodies. A detachment of American and Texan troops under Colonel James Fannin surrendered to a larger Mexican force under General Jos Urrea. The first prisoners taken by Urrea were the survivors of Francis W. Johnson's party, captured at and near San Patricio on February 27, 1836 (see SAN PATRICIO, BATTLE OF). [9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. They were kept separate from the other prisoners, as they had been unarmed and surrendered without a fight. On March 15, as their ammunition ran short, Texians retreated from Refugio. Urreas advance riders had already spotted the Texan defenses, and the main army was just hours behind. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre, By: Had Fannin's and Miller's men been dumped on the wharves at New Orleans penniless, homesick, humiliated, and distressed, and each with his separate tale of Texas mismanagement and incompetence, Texas prestige in the United States would most likely have fallen, along with sources of help. Portilla suffered an unquiet night weighing these conflicting orders, but he concluded that he was bound to obey Santa Anna's order and directed that the prisoners be shot at dawn. Four weeks elapsed between their capture and their execution, enabling Santa Anna to gauge in advance the reaction of New Orleans to their fate. If Urrea gave him that guarantee, however, he did not have the power to do so. [31] In 1939, the Fannin Memorial Monument by Raoul Josset was erected at the gravesite. Description: Three hundred forty-two Texas prisoners, consisting of James Fannin's command captured at the Battle of Coleto and those of Amon King and William Ward captured at the Battle of Refugio . The conflict, a part of the Texas Revolution, was the first step in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year. Whether indecisive, stubborn or loyal to the rebels away on missions whom he did not want to abandon, Fannin remained in Goliad until the morning of March 19. Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith, (Austin, TX: H.P.N. Santa Anna's main army took no prisoners; execution of the murderous decree of December 30, 1835, fell to Gen. Jos de Urrea, commander of Santa Anna's right wing. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and sustaining the independence of the Republic of Texas. Determined to quash the rebellion, Santa Anna began assembling a large force to restore order; by the end of 1835 his army numbered 6,019 soldiers. In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. Two physicians, Joseph H. Barnard and John Shackelford, were taken to San Antonio to treat Mexican wounded from the battle of the Alamo; they later escaped. Handbook of Texas Online, Goliad. This show of generosity after a hotly contested engagement is worthy of the highest commendation, Urrea wrote to Santa Anna, and I can do no less than to commend it to your Excellency.. Another written account can be found in Early Times in Texas (serial form, 186871; book, 1892) by John Crittenden Duval. [17] Under a decree that Santa Anna had pressed and which was passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30, 1835, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. The site of the massacre is now topped by a large monument containing the names of the victims. Some 350 to 400 Texians had been marched to their deaths after capture by the Mexican army during a bungled escape by Colonel James Fannin. William Kennedy, Texas: The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas (London: Hastings, 1841; rpt., Fort Worth: Molyneaux Craftsmen, 1925). Urrea, however, urged his commander to be lenient. [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE,", Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS,", http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi30, "Goliad State Park & Historic Site Goliad Area Historic Sites Texas Parks & Wildlife Department", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goliad_massacre&oldid=1132816542, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 18:59. The Texians thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. As the Apache and US military were able to keep peace for a while, it ended after Apache leader Mangas Coloradas attacked by miners, breaking the treaty the military and. I saw nothing more. 342 men were executed at Goliad. M1 Garand; Vince Speranza; Vijayant Thapar; List of active duty United States four-star officers; Comparison of the T-90A and M1A2 Abrams; Charles Keating IV In view of Santa Anna's positive orders, Urrea could not, of course, accede to these terms, but refusing them would mean another bloody battle. Many of those who eventually escaped were first recaptured and later managed a second escape. Hobart Huson, Colonel Fannin's Execution of General Houston's Orders to Evacuate Goliad (MS, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin). While Texans were fighting the final battle for their independence on April 21, 1836, a survivor of the Goliad Massacre was spending his 21st day on the run. CORRUPT AUSTRALIAN MILITARY HISTORY: The fight to validate the 2nd D&E Platoon, Biography of Nnamdi Kanu, Age, Career and Net Worth, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02. Jakie L. Pruett and Everett B. Cole, Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1985). In April 1885 a memorial was finally erected, in the city of Goliad rather than on the site, by the Fannin Monument Association, formed by William L. Hunter, a massacre survivor. [17] He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". Twenty year old John Crittenden Duval and his older brother Burr were members of the large Kentucky contingent that answered the Texans' appeal in the early stage of the Revolution. Forty Texians were unable to walk. Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. [3] John C. Duval, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, ed. 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