While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The well is situated in the Macondo Prospect in Mississippi Canyon Block 253 (MC253) of the Gulf of Mexico, in the United States' exclusive economic zone. Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected. This webpage is limited to EPAs enforcement-related activities only, and does not cover all legal or other actions against BP Exploration & Production and other parties for the spill, such as private party/class action settlements for medical claims and economic damages, or other actions against those responsible for the spill. Through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA)Investigation performed by trustees to identify injuries to natural resources caused by oil spills, hazardous substance releases, and grounding incidents in National Marine Sanctuaries, and plan restoration activities. [3] For offshore, more than 60open-water skimmers were deployed, including 12purpose-built vehicles. "[296] BP's chief operating officer Doug Suttles contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, "It may be down to how you define what a plume is here The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities. $1 billion already allocated during early restoration which began in 2011. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153million in this state alone. How Microbes Clean up Oil: Lessons From the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Because the effects of the Deepwater Horizon spill were so widespread, assessment teams are taking an ecosystem approach to restoring the Gulf ecosystem. A large scale of bioremediation was deployed during the BP oil spill crisis due to its effectiveness and lower cost [8]. "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [82][83] Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which didn't work either). NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. [56] In October, weathered oil reached Texas. The Deepwater Horizon spill resulted in the largest natural resource damage assessment ever undertaken. Fortunately, unl The volume of oil escaping the damaged welloriginally estimated by BP to be about 1,000 barrels per daywas thought by U.S. government officials to have peaked at more than 60,000 barrels per day. Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11] . (2001). Oil plumes as large as 17 kilometers in diameter were detected just beneath the surface [11] . In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4billion fine. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area". Biostimulation is the adding of nutrients and other growth limiting resources to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading microbes to increase the rate of remediation. Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and in theory, allowing microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface. "[281] Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," the co-chair said. The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative offsite link (GoMRI), is to improve understanding of spill events and associated environmental stresses and public health implications. News, "Slick Solution: How Microbes Will Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill", Riki Ott: Bio-Remediation or Bio-Hazard? [286], The petroleum industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. [312], On 8 September 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. environmental disaster, Gulf of Mexico [2010]. Benthic and highly productive habitats such as marshes and coastal wetlands in the affected areas were contaminated with crude oil and other petroleum by products; they are harmful to many of the organisms that thrive there [2]. Booms extend 1848in (0.461.22m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. 97% of payments were made to claimants in the Gulf States. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. Louisiana will receive more than half the funding, $5 billion, since it saw the most significant damage from the spill. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs. The court ruled that BP hadn't explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury. Oil spill cleanup. [330] An auditor BDO Consulting found that 7,300 claimants were wrongly denied or underpaid. Restore and conserve habitat - $4.7 billion, Replenish and protect coastal living resources - $1.8 billion, Provide and enhance recreational opportunities - $420 million, Monitoring, adaptive management and oversight - $1.5 billion. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. The microbial ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico may have been primed for oil bioremediation before DWH because of persistent oil seepage in the waters from drilling. However, it was verified in June that the plumes were in fact from the Deepwater spill. He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 23 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. At approximately 7:45pm CDT, on 20 April 2010, high-pressure methane gas from the well expanded into the marine riser and rose into the drilling rig, where it ignited and exploded, engulfing the platform. [169], On 18 May 2010, BP was designated the lead "Responsible Party" under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response. (1 May 2010). The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as, Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, Transocean plead guilty to criminal charges, Detailed allocations and project information, North American Wetlands Conservation Fund. [59] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. Members of the genus Pseudomonas have a very versatile metabolism and are ubiquitous; they possess a set of genes that allow them to degrade most petroleum compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are the most stable and recalcitrant compounds proven to be toxic to many organisms including humans [4]. [326] The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." Post-oil spill samples on the other hand, contain mostly oil-degrading organisms with drastic decrease in diversity. Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. [132] However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach. [81][311] According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's blowout preventer, built by Cameron International Corporation, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed. [350], In January 2014, a panel of the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill. At the same time, organisms able to digest light components of the oil began to multiply, starting the process of converting the pollutant to carbon dioxide . [292] The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management. It fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle. One quarter of that has been burned, captured or skimmed, according to U.S.. In May 2010, the bacterial count for the deepwater plume was 55,000 cells/ml and only 27,000 cells/ml outside of the plume. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." [181], On 15 April 2014, BP announced that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, while the United States Coast Guard work continued using physical barriers such as floating booms, the cleanup workers' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further. [336] BP originally expected to spend $7.8billion. [203] Damage to the ocean floor especially endangered the Louisiana pancake batfish whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill. In addition, the U.S. government temporarily banned BP from new federal contracts over its "lack of business integrity". These projects allowed restoration of the Gulf to begin immediately. [57] As of July2011[update], about 491mi (790km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074mi (1,728km) had been oiled since the spill began. Two days later, following a series of pressure tests, it was announced that the well was completely sealed. [113] In 2012, Markus Huettel, a benthic ecologist at Florida State University, maintained that while much of BP's oil was degraded or evaporated, at least 60% remains unaccounted for. 951 bacterial subfamilies, which, possibly about 16 types contributed to the degradation. [240] She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long-term health consequences. [160], After the well was capped, the cleanup of shore became the main task of the response works. Pelican eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit". This is the preferred method when members of the indigenous microbial community are capable of degrading oil [10]. 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